Protraction and retraction of the scapula are movements that occur along the thoracic wall and are essential for upper limb function and overall shoulder mechanics. Protraction involves the scapula moving away from the spine and around the rib cage, as you’d see when reaching forward or pushing something away. The primary muscle responsible for this is the serratus anterior, which pulls the scapula anteriorly and laterally. Retraction is the opposite movement—drawing the scapulae back toward the

Elevation and depression of the scapula refer to vertical movements of the scapula along the thoracic cage. Elevation occurs when the scapula moves upward, as seen when shrugging the shoulders. The primary muscles involved in elevation are the upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboids, which assist in the movement. Depression occurs when the scapula moves downward, either returning to a resting position or moving further down. The muscles responsible for depression include the lower trape

Teres Major: Location: On the inferior angle of the scapula. - Function: Responsible for internal (medial) rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm at the shoulder joint. Doctor of physical therapy | Doctor of physical therapy