Of note, if the patient is bedfast, complete evaluation of respiratory efficiency is often less than optimal because chest expansion is not always symmetric and percussion notes may be less resonant.

A 45-year-old woman presents to her GP with a 12-month history of breathlessness, tight chest and palpitations on exertion. She had previously seen a colleague who had given her a trial of salbutamol ...

Liz Simmons is an education staff writer at Forbes Advisor. She has written about higher education and career development for various online publications since 2016. She earned a master’s degree in ...

Using accessory muscles implies that the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is decreased to 30% of normal, which is usually between 1.0 and 1.5 liters per second. In such cases, a sitting ...