"The Ottoman Empire fought alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War 1, yet their military performance was disastrous. Outdated, poorly equipped, and badly led, the Ottomans struggled on the ...

The Russian and Ottoman Empires had been warring over strategic interests in the Balkans and Caucasus for centuries. The two crumbling empires had already sparred in 1856 and 1877 over Russia’s ...

World War I ended with the Ottoman Empire vanquished and facing imminent collapse, its doomed alliance with Imperial Germany costing hundreds of thousands of Ottoman lives and dealing a death blow to ...