Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have emerged as the preferred topology for voltage-source high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, owing to their scalability, superior waveform quality ...

To address the limitations of empirical parameter tuning in the outer-loop PI controller and the high computational burden of the inner loop in conventional dual-loop control for modular multilevel ...

To date, all Voltage Source Converters (VSC) used in HVDC networks are incapable of clearing faults on the DC side of the converter. “For most of the situations where such converters have been used so ...